Bari siddiqui all album
They play a critical role in balancing the carbon budget and maintaining the carbon sink in terrestrial ecosystems, as well as in the response and feedback to climate change ( Melillo et al., 1993 Prentice et al., 2001 Sage, 2004 Long et al., 2006 Atkin et al., 2010 Atkin, 2015). Photosynthesis and respiration are two fundamental physiological processes of plants, because the former involves initial carbon fixation, light energy transfer, and oxygen release, and the latter works on carbon efflux, energy production, and the relevant substrate metabolisms, such as those providing the carbon skeleton. Herein, we focus on the critical biological processes of plants with regard to climate change, including (mainly) photosynthesis, respiration, the antioxidant system, and the related metabolic activities. The climate changes, such as elevated CO 2, rising temperature, and altered precipitation, have resulted in drastic impacts on the natural ecosystems, such as in vegetation function, sustainable food production, and crop yields ( Lobell et al., 2011 Peñuelas et al., 2013 Ruiz-Vera et al., 2013 Xu et al., 2013a, 2014 Lavania et al., 2015), leading to more profound impacts when the climate changes are combined with other environmental constraints, such as air pollution, nutrition limitation, and their interactions ( Gillespie et al., 2012 Peñuelas et al., 2012 Xu et al., 2013a, b Wang et al., 2015). Meanwhile, the global mean surface temperature is expected to increase by 2.6–4.8☌ by the end of the 21st century (2081–2100), relative to the 1986–2005 level under RCP8.5, based on a more undisciplined management scenario with higher greenhouse gas emissions ( IPCC, 2013). It continues to be elevated at an unprecedented pace of ∼1.0 μmol mol -1 per year, as a result of the further increase in the cumulative emissions of CO 2 to the atmosphere during the 21st century (400 μmol mol -1 in 2011 vs. Based on updated information, with increases in global atmospheric CO 2 concentrations of 43% from the pre-industrial level of 280 μmol mol -1 in 1750 to the present level of 400 μmol mol -1 (an annual increase of 1.35%), the global CO 2 concentration has increased by about 1.55 ppm CO 2 per year over the past 55 years. The major components of climate change include elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (elevated CO 2), warming, and altered precipitation patterns, as well as their interactions within and with other environmental factors ( IPCC, 2013). The above issue is currently of crucial concern worldwide, and this review may help in a better understanding of how plants deal with elevated CO 2 using other mainstream abiotic factors, including molecular, cellular, biochemical, physiological, and whole individual processes, and the better management of the ecological environment, climate change, and sustainable development. Finally, the potential applications for plant responses at various levels to climate change are discussed. Second, the research advances with regard to the individual subtopics are reviewed, including the response and adaptation of the photosynthetic capacity, respiration, and antioxidant system to CO 2 enrichment alone, and its combination with other climatic change factors. First, an outline of the critical biological processes, and an overview of their roles in environmental regulation, is presented. The present comprehensive review may add timely and substantial information about the topic in recent studies, while it presents what has been well established in previous reviews. The current review will present a synthesis focusing on the underlying mechanisms in the responses to elevated CO 2 at multiple scales, including molecular, cellular, biochemical, physiological, and individual aspects, particularly, for these biological processes under elevated CO 2 with other key abiotic stresses, such as heat, drought, and ozone pollution, as well as nitrogen limitation. Although one key metabolic process and its response to climatic change have already been reported and reviewed, an integrative review, including several biological processes at multiple scales, has not been well reported. It is well known that plant photosynthesis and respiration are two fundamental and crucial physiological processes, while the critical role of the antioxidant system in response to abiotic factors is still a focus point for investigating physiological stress.